Lemon Mobile Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Lemon Mobile Megan Clarey CCI Walk 8, 2000 The Lemon Mobile Since the time I set eyes on my vehicle, I have had only a cerebral pain. Not exclusively is it the most intense vehicle, yet it likewise floats directly into the trees, and it shakes at thirty and sixty m.p.h. Indeed, even with the entirety of my vehicle's deficiencies, nothing readied me for its last demonstration of savagery. My lemon kicked the bucket thirty minutes before warm-ups for our major event, and I had the firing line up with me. Laura, Allison, Kristen, Kierra, and I had all stuffed into my two-entryway passing snare to get a nibble at Dunkin Donoughts. Being the dependable upper classman, I ensured we left with adequate opportunity to prepare for the game. Shockingly, there wasn't sufficient time on the planet to assist us with our debacle. We were halted at a red light crying along to a Lenny Kravitz tune, which I currently loathe, when Kristen anxiously articulated,? Meg I think your vehicle quit running.? I unquestionably answered, ?Nah!? All things considered, amazingly, when I hurried up, we didn't go anyplace. Out of nowhere, I started snickering madly and the remainder of them ringed in, until, ?BEEP? the light had turned green! ?AAHH!? we screamed. We at long last understood that we were stuck in a futile hunk of metal at Toms River's busiest crossing point. ?What are we going to do I thought. At that point, yelling and giggling were our best arrangements. At long last, as individuals were circumventing us, giving us the finger and reviling at us, my four thin small scale travelers got out to push my 2000 lb. heap of tin. As they set out on their crucial salvage us from being abandoned in an ocean of street rage, everything I could do was giggle. The time was twenty minutes until warm-ups and my strong mouse colleagues had figured out how to drive my lemon into Amoco's parking garage. We needed to rush and this piece store running once more. Laura shouted,? Perhaps it needs liquid catalyst!? Along these lines, she dashed away to the store and in a short time she was back with a compartment of liquid catalyst. After we emptied the liquid into my vehicle, we attempted to begin my vehicle, ?Vroom!? ?Nothing! Crap!? I froze. Thus, we chose to gaze at the vehicle somewhat more trusting the vehicle would mention to us what it required. There were just five minutes of extending time left, and we were as yet abandoned ten minutes from school. ?We are so dead,? I pondered internally. As we remained there, Allison went to call for help. She returned rearranging, ? Well the uplifting news is we have a ride the awful news is Mills is *censored*ing pissed.? ?Crap!? we expressed. I mean I could perceive any reason why she would be somewhat vexed in light of the fact that it was thirty minutes before our major event, and her firing line up was abandoned at the Amoco station as opposed to being at the field for warm ups. It was thirty minutes before the game, we had missed warm ups and we were frightened of what Mills would do to us, yet pause, our chariot was there. ?Yippee!? we sang in agreement. Shockingly, our chariot was a Jeep. A Jeep can hold two individuals easily three is good, yet six was impractical. In the event that you have ever observed a jokester vehicle at that point you know how we fit into our mouse opening ride. In the front was the driver and two travelers, in the back was two individuals in the seats and one was lying across them. I was in the front with Kristen's backside squashing my legs. Obviously, it was the longest ten-minute ride I had ever experienced. Not exclusively was I into a little container seat yet additionally at each hindrance Kristin's bum was delving increasingly more into my leg. We at last showed up two minutes before time to get down to business. As we drove onto the field, we were welcomed by rowdy cheering from our dedicated fans ( I surmise somebody had told them). We amazed and dropped out of our comedian versatile, all red as stop signs, speedily entered the playing field. We won the game, and I took in a significant exercise from the entire experience. I discovered that in the event that you will go to get a nibble before a major event, at that point go in a vehicle that has self-destructed less than multiple times. English

Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fiscal summary - Essay Example Since it ought to be objective of he organization to profit its investors, it is called primary concern proportion of execution. As needs be it is 22.5 % as determined underneath Profit for equity= Net benefit after duty/Total value =m 467/2074 = 22.5 % for 2005-06 = 392/1397 = 28.06 % for 2004-05 The decrease in ROE in 2005-06 is because of strange increment in different stores appeared under value... This is otherwise called Return on capital utilized (ROCE) and furthermore determined on pretax benefit. Liquidity/Solvency Liquidity implies the speed and straightforwardness with which an advantage can be changed over into money. Liquidity has two measurements. Simplicity of transformation versus loss of significant worth. Any advantage can be changed over into money if its cost is cut adequately. A profoundly fluid resource is in this way one that can be sold without noteworthy loss of significant worth. An illiquid resource is one that can't be immediately changed over into money without a considerable value decrease. Resources are recorded on the Balance Sheet arranged by liquidity implying that the least fluid resources are recorded first. Current resources are Cash and those advantages convertible into money throughout the following a year. Bills Receivable for example speaks to sums collectible from the clients for deals previously made to them. These are accordingly expected to be acknowledged sooner rather than later. Stock that is stock-in-exchange is minimal fluid of the present resources. Current Ratio is a standout amongst other known and most generally utilized proportions to learn organization's dissolvability/liquidity. It is characterized as Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities CurrentAssets m 3,666/Current Liabilities m 3,432 = Current Ratio1.07 for 2005-06 2,752/...Assets are recorded on the Balance Sheet arranged by liquidity implying that the least fluid resources are recorded first. Current resources are Cash and those benefits convertible into money throughout the following a year. Bills Receivable for example speaks to sums collectible from the clients for deals previously made to them. These are accordingly expected to be acknowledged sooner rather than later. Stock that is stock-in-exchange is minimal fluid of the present resources. The present proportion of 1.07 demonstrates that organization is productive enough to utilize all its present resources without keeping them excess and inactive. It has additionally indicated surprising improvement from the most recent year's negative current proportion of 0.84. Fast proportion is determined disregarding the estimation of stock remembered for current resources for its conspicuous weaknesses of minimal fluid of every single current resource other than conceivable overvaluation and incorporation of harmed, out of date and lost stocks. It can likewise incorporate over bought and moderate moving things. These will hinder liquidity. Brisk Ratio or Acid - Test proportion is so named to demonstrate the present resources sans stock's speedier liquidity. BA has no stock in exchange as referenced above aside from extra extras and different inventories esteemed m 83 since it is an assistance industry.

Why Writing a Persuasive Essay on Health Topics Is Important

Why Writing a Persuasive Essay on Health Topics Is ImportantThe persuasive essay is not only about facts, it's also about health topics. Why is this? It's simple. You can rewrite the entire essay from any health topic that you want.So, if you want to do a persuasive essay on health topics, the first thing you need to do is to select the best health topic that you can write about. The second thing is that you have to choose the right source. Although there are many resources that you can use in order to write about health topics, you should not just rely on them. Instead, you should learn how to write for a persuasive essay and how to make your essay persuasive.First of all, you have to be clear about what the different topic can be. To learn how to write for a persuasive essay, you must know about some of the different topics that the college students are writing on. Some of these topics are provided below:There are other topics that are similar to the ones mentioned above but there are others that are completely different. One of the most important things to do is to choose the topics wisely. If you choose the wrong topic, it will not be very effective to write the essay.Although it can be difficult to find the different topics that you can use, you can also take the help of the internet. There are various websites which are dedicated to this topic.Using the help of the internet in order to find the different topics that you can use for your essay is a good way to get the job done. Once you start to look around, you will see different topics that you can use. To learn how to write for a persuasive essay, the best thing that you can do is to pick the best one for you. However, you must also remember that if you want to get a good grade in a persuasive essay, you have to start writing about health topics. Not all health topics can be used in an essay, and there are some topics that should be avoided. This is where the internet can be very useful.Besides medical fields, there are many other topics that can be used to write an essay. You have to learn how to choose the right topic and how to write for a persuasive essay. It is also a good idea to read other essays before you start to write one. You can always use the good practices when you're about to write for a persuasive essay.

Case Study Wearing On Her Nerves - 967 Words

Marigold Kotey 12/03/15 Case Study #4: Wearing on Her Nerves Dr. Fundaro Part I 1. What components of the nervous system are involved in physical sensation? How does sensory impulse move throughout the body? The components of the nervous system that are involved in the physical sensation is the peripheral nervous system, which is divided into two groups they are, sensory and motor divisions. The sensory impulse moves through the body by stimulating a receptor in the skin, and it goes through the sensory neurons and also travels through the afferent fibers, the spinal cord and also into the brain. 2. What components of the nervous system are involved in skeletal muscle movement? How does motor impulse move throughout the body? What is a â€Å"motor unit†? The components of the nervous system involved in the skeletal muscle movement is the motor division. The motor impulse moves through the body by traveling through efferent fibers. A motor unit is a neuron and also that is where all the other muscle fibers are connected. 3. What movements are involved in the action of standing up? What muscles need to contract to perform these actions? The movements involved in the action of standing up is when the muscles contracting. The muscles that are needed to perform these actions are the glutes, hamstrings, and the quadriceps. 4. What are the different levels of organization of a muscle down to myofilaments? What is a â€Å"sarcomere† and how are its proteins organized? The differentShow MoreRelatedWearing on Her Nerves: Exploring the Interrelation Between the Nervous and Muscular Systems1470 Words   |  6 PagesNATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SC CE Wearing on Her Nerves: Exploring the Interrelation between the Nervous and Muscular Systems by Kathleen G. Brown, Nursing Department Sharon S. Ellerton, Biological Sciences and Geology Queensborough Community College, City University of New York Part I – Rise and Shine? Kathy, a 20-year-old woman, awakens one morning to a tingling, numb sensation covering both of her feet. This has happened to her a number of times throughout the yearRead MoreTreatment Options For Children With Adolescent Idiopathic1377 Words   |  6 Pagesmany unanswered questions regarding the child’s treatment, effects of treatment and long term quality of life after treatment. Like most parents, upon hearing my daughter’s diagnosis, a million questions came to mind including what does this mean for her health, can she still play sports, will she have pain, and mostly, will she live a normal life? Background: Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence. Scoliosis affectsRead MoreGolfer with Brachial Neuritis Misdiagnosed Essay523 Words   |  3 Pagesremembered how she hurt her shoulder. The golfer said she had been at home during winter break and was wearing socks in the house. She said she was running and fell and when she was falling, she attempted to catch herself by using a nearby wall. Dr. Wallace then checked her strength by asking her to abduct her shoulders as far as she could. He then added resistance and noticed weakness in her right shoulder. He tested the ligaments and told her they were all intact. He also asked her if she had been experiencingRead MoreExplain How Biological Factors May Affect One Cognitive Process1659 Words   |  7 Pagesin the past. It’s in the frontal lobe that memory is recalled - this is where the brains explores and recalls important information. In this essay, I ’m going to look at three cases, which study how memory is affected after a negative impact, such as an accident or a virus. The first study I’m going to look at is HM’s case. HM was born in America in 1926. He fell off a bicycle at the age of 7, injuring his head. Three years later, he began suffering from minor epileptic seizures. By the age of 27Read MoreMy High School Health Teacher Essay915 Words   |  4 Pages Mrs. Garfield was a staple of Cardozo High School. The rowdy health teacher was well known by the entire staff and all of the students. Her presence rivaled thunder; her cackling laugh could be heard from across the building and she initially imposed anxiety in new students. A polarizing force, Mrs. Garfield left students either loving or hating her. However, on June 5th, 2011, Mrs. Garfield made an announcement that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Time seemed to stand still andRead MoreCase Study aP11743 Words   |  7 PagesCase Studies 1. A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others? Name specific organs that would be injured, as well as the abdominopelvic quadrant and region in which they are found. What injuries might you suspect in the damaged organs? The area is vulnerable becauseRead MoreEpilepsy Essay669 Words   |  3 Pagesor encephalitis. In over 70 percent of cases no cause for epilepsy were identified. About 1 percent of the world population, or over 2 million people, are diagnosed with epilepsy. How this shocking and loathsome disorder is detected. In persons suffering from epilepsy, the brain waves, electrical activity in the part of the brain called the cerebral cortex, have a characteristically abnormal rhythm produced by excessive electrical discharges in the nerve cells. Because these wave patterns differRead MoreEssay on A Cure for Alzheimers1614 Words   |  7 Pages She was diagnosed with the disease just less than two years prior to her death. Throughout that time, I watched changes in my grandmother that made her seem like an entirely different woman to me. She gradually began losing her short-term memory and we began to see signs of her long-term memory degrading too. It began to get harder and harder to take her out into public without being afraid of what would happen next. Her emotions would fluctuate with the changing of each minute it seemed. PhysicallyRead More Premature Infancy Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagesbabies. This is because the skin of a premature baby is very fragile and tender and can be bruised or broken very easily by a slight amount of pressure. For this reason, many preemies, especially early preemies, are better off not wearing clothing or diapers. Not wearing clothing helps make it easier for the doctor to work with the baby and keep the skins stress levels to a minimum. Even though the parents may want to hold and cuddle their baby, it is best for the child and the parents if theyRead MoreA Discussion on Animal Rights Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesinventively constructed new words and phrases. For example, when Washoe first saw a duck land on water, she gestured water bird, which is the same phrase used in English. Washoe invented that gesture for the occasion (Sagan 615). Lucy also displayed her creative mind by signing candy drink after tasting a watermelon. The description candy drink is essentially the same word form as the English water melon (Sagan 615). Another method of bridging the communication gap between humans and animals

Continuously Contemporary Accounting - 1692 Words

Introduction Over the past years there have been many accounting measurement systems developed to replace or serve as a supplement to historical cost accounting. However it is not possible, at present, to state which system, if any, is likely to replace the historical cost system. Perhaps the most notable system is Continuously Contemporary Accounting (CoCoA), proposed by Australian researcher, Raymond Chambers. Chambers quoted â€Å"†¦that thousands of shareholders had lost millions of dollars on security investments made on the basis on out-of-date information or on fiction which were reported as facts† (Deegan, 2000, p.112). In light of his comments Chambers believed that his system will provide relevant, accurate and up to date†¦show more content†¦This is because CoCoA has many advantages over historical cost accounting. CoCoA is based on common sense and simple to understand. The language used to describe and support the theory can be easily understood by statement users â€Å"as it is based on common sense and has implicit relevance to the field of accounting which has been accepted without scrutiny† (Laing, 2000, p.4). This brings us to the next point; CoCoA provides data that is relevant and useful for decisions whether continuity of existence is likely or unlikely. According to Henderson, Peirson and Harris (2004), continuity of existence is possible only if the entity adapts to changed circumstances. A failure to adapt is inviting the entity’s demise. Financial reports that emphasise adaptive capacity show the ability of an entity to adapt, by selling off its existing assets and buying an alternative set to ensure its survival. Alternatively, if liquidation is likely, the financial reports show data that is relevant. There is no necessity to switch to a different system of accounting when liquidation is imminent. CoCoA also avoids the difficulties encountered in historical cost system, of allocating costs for depreciation where the benefit pattern and the life of an asset can only be estimated. CoCoA depreciation however â€Å"is based solely on the decline in the current cashShow MoreRelatedOriginal Alternative Methods Of Historical Cost Accounting966 Words   |  4 Pagesutilize the Historical Cost accounting to report financial statements and reflect the profitability of business. It is more conventional and simple method. Nevertheless, when considered in relation to inflation and price changes, the alternative methods such as Current Purchasing Power Accounting (CPPA), Continuously Contemporary Accounting(CoCoA) and Current Cost Accounting(CCA) would be more appropriate. There is an assumption that ‘ applying those alternative forms of accounting to adjust items in financialRead More7101AFE Financial Accounting Theory And Practice Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial Accounti ng Theory and Practice Tutorial Questions for Tutorials 1- 6: Semester 1 2015 TUTORIAL 1 - Semester 1 2015 Deegan Topic 1: Introduction to financial accounting theory QUESTION 1 – Question 1.2: If you developed a theory to explain how a person’s cultural background influences how they prepare financial statements, would you have developed a positive theory or a normative theory? The first of all, it is important to understand the mean by a ‘theory’. According to Contemporary AccountingRead MoreA Critical Analysis of the Article : For Which Purposes Do Managers Use Balanced Scorecards?: an Empirical Study1019 Words   |  5 Pages1. Summary Resulting from the constantly changing environment, the accounting information systems transform and renovate continuously, for instance, the development from traditional costing system to activity-based costing or the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) which is an up-to-date system that connects non-financial and financial performance measures to a company s overall strategy (Kaplan and Norton 1996). The article aims at demonstrating the specific purposes for which managers use the BalancedRead MoreCoca-Colas Principles of Budgeting955 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizational culture; ascertaining that the budgeting procedure is operated in the same way as their planning, namely cautiously, thoroughly, and specifically before instantly acting on it; creating incentives for optimal performance; prioritizing; continuously updating and monitoring the budgeting plans; ensuring excellent communication through all division when budgeting planning is in process. Guidance regarding earnings was one of the prime components of the traditional budgeting process. Coca-ColaRead MoreThe Importance Of Inventory Management Systems Of Asda Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"To critically evaluate the importance of inventory management systems of Asda, UK† Abstract The topic has been chosen for research is to critically evaluate the inventory management systems of retail industry in UK. This industry is continuously growing up with pleasure of customers even the fluctuation in customer choices. Moreover, this sector has been hugely impacted from 2008 to 2010 by the economic crisis, when customer did not have enough money to spend. As a result some retail businessesRead MoreBUS1001 SEMESTER 1 ESSAY 3rd Of Novembe794 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement function has largely been made redundant by the more recent empirical studies of what managers actually do, such as that favoured by Mintzberg. Intro: (89words) Management has constantly been a broad topic. Managing human resources is continuously unpredictable because we all react differently in comparable scenarios. However, for managers it is vital to be able to control an organisation efficiently, in order to exploit any opportunities open to it. Henri Fayol deliberated management backRead More An Analysis of To Have without Holding by Marge Piercy1390 Words   |  6 Pagesis for her to stray from that ideal in this instance. As the poem evolves, one can begin to see the author having a conflict with values, while simultaneously expressing which values are hers and which are unnatural to her. She accomplishes this accounting of values by personalizing her position in a somewhat unsettling way throughout the poem. I was first drawn to the poem by the title. The interesting use of capitalization caught my attention. Why wasnt the letter w in the word without capitalizedRead MoreCritical Thinking Exercise1726 Words   |  7 Pagessatisfied. 17. The company must desist from its deficit financing immediately. Ans: The company must forbear from its financial loss immediately. 18. This antiquated merchandising strategy is ineffectual in contemporary business operations. Ans: This old sales strategy is unsuccessful in contemporary business operations. 19. Percentage return on common stockholders ‘equity averaged 23.1 for the year. Ans: Profit on common stockholders’ equity averaged 23.1 for the year. 20. The company’s retainedRead MoreAccounting As A Career2623 Words   |  11 Pagesinvestigate the major I have chosen, Accounting. Because my goal is to become a Certified Public Accountant (CPA), I would like to know more of what it entails. Dealing with numbers, and recording and projecting the earnings of a company, accountants are placed with the responsibility of keeping track of the moneys of a business. God has blessed me with skills in the areas of mathematics and organization, which caused me to look for an occupation that utilizes both. Accounting seemed a logical choice sinceRead MoreEssay on How Technology Influences Children1331 Words   |  6 Pageson in their participation and negotiation of the technological environment. Assuming the position that childhood is a social phenomenon and children are active participants of society worthy of study in their own right, in-depth interviews have continuously been analyzed utilizing the grounded theory approach to de velop an understanding for the topic under study. Data analyses reveal that children assume an autonomous nature, constructing, interpreting, and manipulating their technological environment

The Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins - 1299 Words

The book The Hunger Games takes place in the U.S many years after a war that put the world in total chaos. The last semblance of civilization is the capital Panem, and its 13 surrounding districts. Rebellions started to erupt through the districts to overthrow the capitals rule, but in the ended lasted in the defeat of the rebellions, and the destruction of district 13, who were the coordinators of the rebellion. As punishment for the rebellion, the capital has an annual competition named â€Å"The hunger games† where every year one boy and girl less than 19 years old from each district must compete in a to the death competition until one survivor remains. The book begins in district 12 on the eve of what is called a reaping where a boy and girl are randomly chosen to be put into the games. Katniss Everdeen is the story s 16-year-old main character, and everything that unfolds in the story is seen entirely through her eyes. A major influence for Suzanne Collins was based on the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur, where as punishment for displeasing Crete, Athens periodically had to send seven youths and seven maidens to Crete, where they were thrown into the labyrinth and devoured by the Minotaur, which is a monster that’s half man and half bull. The message that ultimately spoke to Collins was that messing with a higher power would have its consequences, and having children being slaughtered as the parents watched helplessly really impacted Collins. For her, havingShow MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins3246 Words   |  13 PagesStudy Unit The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and Steven Galloway’s The Cellist of Sarajevo demonstrates the way in which people are affected by war, and a brutal dictatorship. The authors illustrates the main purpose for writing their novel through the use of imagery, characterization, foreshadowing, flashback, similes, and symbolism. Suzanne Collins and Steven Galloway use imagery and characterization to vividly describe the effects and outcomes of war and dictatorship. Suzanne Collins portrays,Read MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie or the book the Hunger Games came out with a bang when it first hit theaters or the shelves of the bookstores. It was dubbed as one of the best films or books to read, interestingly enough it was a remake of the stories or myths most people heard when they were younger, but modernized and turned into a collage of all the best roman and Greek stories. Suzanne Collins brilliantly combined the Greek and Roman influences to make the movie/book unforgettable. By using stories from the romansRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collin899 Words   |  4 Pages Suzanne Collin’s â€Å"Hunger Games† seems to be about a dystopian society struggle to become a utopia. However, when the readers read further in to the book or watches the movie one can see that is about all the characters that make use human. As human, we feel the need to build an ethical framework based on our needs for authority rather than tradition. The Capitol in the Hunger Games exploits human needs to keep authority in place. After rising seas and poverty consumed much of the land, the CapitolRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1419 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional atmosphere within a dystopian state, there exists an absence of feeling which competes for dominance. Suzanne Collins’ demonstrates this competing apathetic mood in her novel, The Hunger Games, through the citizens of the divided dystopia of Panem. This essay will analyze the origins and influence of apathy on a people and an individual, in both a political and personal sense. Collins’ main argument, that citizens’ facing governmental oppression can either become compliant with apathy, or, insteadRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins854 Words   |  4 PagesIn a place where poverty is prevalent and a country is ruled b y a tyrannical dictator is it possible for an individual to trust others when their own life is always at stake? In the book The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, the main character Katniss Everdeen is a survivor. In the novel she is put into an arena to compete against twenty-three other tributes to the death. This is not the only time during which she has to fend for herself; at home she had to care for her family and keep them aliveRead MoreThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins710 Words   |  3 Pages‘’The hunger games’’ is a novel written by Suzanne Collins, published in 2008. The genre of the book is thriller/survival, and is written over 27 chapters with 454 pages. In this analysis, I will tell you about how the main character Katniss changes through the novel, and tell you a little about the central characters that plays an important role for her. ‘’The Hunger Games’’, is set in the future in the country Panem, and is about the sixteen-year-old girl, Katniss Everdeen. Panem is divided intoRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins3514 Words   |  15 PagesThe Hunger Games is a science fiction, dystopian post-apocalyptic series that takes place in a futuristic North American nation called Panem. The film series is based on the novel series of the same title written by Suzanne Collins. Many who watch the films view them as an action-packed adventure series, but The Hunger Games, like many other dystopian films, feature social and political subjects that relate back to past and present culture. Dystopian films like the Hunger Games provide messages,Read MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins986 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins is about a sixteen year old girl named Katniss and how she needs to fight for her life. The Hunger Games takes place in an arena in the Capitol of Pa nem. There are 24 tributes, two from each District. The games were created to punish the Twelve Districts for trying to create an uprising against the Capitol. Suzanne Collins book could be compared to the United States and how people obsess with the way they look, discrimination is still occurring, and how the governmentRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1487 Words   |  6 PagesMy first text is The Hunger Games which is written by Suzanne Collins and it was written in September 14 2008; was set in the future, around the year 2087. My second text which is 1984, which is written by George Orwell and was written on Wednesday June 8 1949 and it was set in 1948. There are many themes in the book hunger games such as ‘the inequality between rich and poor’, ‘suffering as environment’ and ‘the importance of appearances’. In 1984 there is also many themes portrayed such as ‘theRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins2436 Words   |  10 PagesThe Hunger Games is a science fiction and adventure film, based on the novel written by Suzanne Collins, which explores concepts of Marxism and numerous aspects of its principles through the dystopian world of Panem. The Hunger Games follows Marxist theories on bourgeoisie and proletariat class structure as well as capitalist production and the distribution of good. Thelma and Louise, a 1991 film directed by Ridley Scott, is often referred to by critics as â€Å"the ultimate feminist film†. This film

Parasites And Their Virulence Essay Example For Students

Parasites And Their Virulence Essay ABSTRACT Why do some parasites kill the host they depend upon while others coexist with their host? Two prime factors determine parasitic virulence: the manner in which the parasite is transmitted, and the evolutionary history of the parasite and its host. Parasites which have colonized a new host species tend to be more virulent than parasites which have coevolved with their hosts. Parasites which are transmitted horizontally tend to be more virulent than those transmitted vertically. It has been assumed that parasite-host interactions inevitably evolve toward lower virulence. This is contradicted by studies in which virulence is conserved or increases over time. A model which encompasses the variability of parasite-host interactions by synthesizing spatial (transmission) and temporal (evolutionary) factors is examined. Lenski and May (1994) and Antia et al. (1993) predict the modulation of virulence in parasite-host systems by integrating evolutionary and transmissibility factors. INTRODUCTION Why do certain parasites exhibit high levels of virulence within their host populations while others exhibit low virulence? The two prime factors most frequently cited (Esch and Fernandez 1993, Toft et al. 1991) are evolutionary history and mode of transmission. Incongruently evolved parasite-host associations are characterized by high virulence, while congruent evolution may result in reduced virulence (Toft et al. 1991). Parasites transmitted vertically (from parent to offspring) tend to be less virulent than parasites transmitted horizontally (between unrelated individuals of the same or different species). Studies in which virulence is shown to increase during parasite-host interaction, as in Eberts (1994) experiment with Daphnia magna, necessitate a synthesis of traditionally discrete factors to predict a coevolutionary outcome. Authors prone to habitually use the word decrease before the word virulence are encouraged to replace the former with modulate, which empha sizes the need for an inclusive, predictive paradigm for parasite-host interaction. Evolutionary history and mode of transmission will first be considered separately, then integrated using an equation discussedby Antia et al. (1993) and a model proposed by Lenski and May (1994). Transmission is a spatial factor, defined by host density and specific qualities of host-parasite interaction, which gives direction to the modulation of virulence. Evolution is a temporal factor which determines the extent of the modulation. The selective pressures of the transmission mode act on parasite populations over evolutionary time, favoring an equilibrium level of virulence (Lenski and May 1994). DOES COEVOLUTION DETERMINE VIRULENCE? Incongruent evolution is the colonization of a new host species by a parasite. It is widely reported that such colonizations, whensuccessful, feature high virulence due to the lack of both evolved host defenses and parasitic self-regulation (Esch and Fernandez 1993, Toft et al. 1991). Unsuccessful colonizations must frequently occur when parasites encounter hosts with adequate defenses. In Africa, indigenous ruminants experience low virulence from Trypanosoma brucei infection, while introduced ruminants suffer fatal infections (Esch and Fernandez 1993). There has been no time for the new host to develop immunity, or for the parasite to self-regulate. Virulent colonizations may occur regularly in epizootic-enzootic cycles. SinNombre virus, a hemmorhagic fever virus, was epizootic in 1993 after the population of its primary enzootic host, Peromyscus maniculatus, had exploded, increasing the likelihood of transmission to humans (Childs et al. 1995). Sin Nombre exhibited unusually high mortality in human populations (Childs et al. 1995), which were being colonized by the parasite. It is assumed that coevolution of parasite and host will result in decreased virulence (Esch and Fernandez 1993, Toft et al. 1991). Sin Nombre virus was found to infect 30.4 % of the P. maniculatus population, exhibiting little or no virulence in the mice (Childs et al. 1995). Similar low levels of virulence have been found in the enzootic rodent hosts of Yersinia pestis (Gage et al. 1995). In Australia, decreased grades of virulence of myxoma virus have been observed in rabbit populations since the virus was introduced in 1951 (Krebs C. J. 1994). Many of the most widespread parasites exhibit low virulence, suggesting that success in parasite suprapopulation range and abundance may be the result of reduction in virulence over time. Hookworms are present in the small intestines of one-fifth of the worlds human population and rarely induce mortality directly(Hotez 1995). Evolution toward a higher level of virulence has been regarded as an unexplainable anomaly. Parasites which do less harm presumably have an advantage throughout a long coevolutionary association with their hosts. Eberts (1994) experiment with the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna and its horizontally transmitted parasite Pleistophora intestinalis suggests that coevolution does not determine the direction of the modulation of virulence. Virulence decreased with the geographic distance between sites of origin where the host and parasite were collected (Ebert 1994). Thus, the parasite was significantly more virulent in hosts it coexisted with in the wild than it was in novel hosts. Many viruses, such as Rabies (Lyssavirus spp.), persist in natural populations while maintaining high levels of virulence in all potential hosts (Krebs, J. W. 1995). Ex tinction is not an inevitable outcome of increased virulence (Lenski and May 1994). Increased or conserved virulence during coevolution callsinto question long held assumptions about the effect of coevolution on parasitic virulence (Gibbons 1994). Parasitic virulence frequently changes over coevolutionary time, but the length of parasite-host association does not account for the virulence of the parasite. Transmission has been identified as the factor which determines the level of parasitic virulence (Read and Harvey 1993). TRANSMISSION AND THE DIRECTION OF MODULATION Herres (1993) experiment with fig wasps (Pegoscapus spp.) and nematodes (Parasitodiplogaster spp.) illustrates the effect of transmission mode on parasitic virulence. When a single female wasp inhabited a fig, all transmission of the parasite was vertical, from the female to her offspring. The parasites fitness was intimately tied to the fecundity of the host upon which it had arrived. When a fig was inhabited by sever al foundress wasps, horizontal transmission between wasp families was possible. In the figs inhabited by a single foundress wasp, Herre found that less virulent species of the nematode were successful, while in figs containing multiple foundress wasps, more virulent species of the nematode were successful. Greater opportunity to find alternate hosts resulted in less penalty for lowering host fecundity. More virulent nematodes had an adaptive advantage when host density was high and horizontal transmission was possible. When host density was low, nematodes which had less effecton host fecundity ensured that offspring (i.e. future hosts) would be available. Christopher columbus - american hero or portuguese EssayAn alternative explanation for the reduced virulence of congruently evolved hosts and parasites is the prudent parasitehypothesis (Esch and Fernandez 1993), in which parasitic virulence decreases in response to host mortality. Parasites which are too virulent drive their hosts, and themselves, to extinction. Parasites which are less virulent persist in the host population. The prudent parasite hypothesis helps to account for the variation in coevolutionary outcome by linking host population dynamics with virulence, but it fails to describe the individual selective forces which modulate virulence over time. The prudent parasite hypothesis serves as the theoretical framework in which the factors determining parasitic virulence can be synthesized. Antia et al. (1993) and Lenski and May (1994) propose a tradeoff between transmissibility and induced host mortality which predicts that parasites will evolve toward a level of virulenc e which strikes an equilibrium in the parasite-host system. Equilibrium models suggest that P. intestinalis, which evolved a higher (yet appropriate) level of virulence in its host (Ebert1994), is a prudent parasite. Antia et al. (1993) use an equation developed by May and Anderson in 1983 to examine the tradeoffs in parasite-host interaction: Ro = (BN) / (a + b + v). Ro is the net reproductive rate of a parasite, B is the rate parameter for transmission, N is host density, a is the rate of parasite induced host mortality, b is the rate of parasite-independent host mortality and v is the rate of recovery of infected hosts. Parasite populations grow when transmission or host density increase, when host mortalitydecreases or when hosts recover slowly. Studies have established a positive correlation between transmissibility (B) and host mortality (a) (Ebert 1994, Antia et al. 1993, Lenski and May 1994). Parasite populations which exhibit high transmissibility (i.e. virulence) within a host population are simultaneously lowering host density. When host density is low, parasites which exhibit high virulence may kill their hosts before contact with new hosts occurs. Thus, transmissibility is a spatial factor which describes the likelihood of contact between hosts and, ultimately, between a parasite and its host. Lenski and May (1994) propose an evolutionary sequence in which parasite populations adapt to the changes they cause in host density (Fig. 1). A parasite suprapopulation is likely to include a range of genotypes which are expressed in different potential levels of virulence (Lenski and May 1994). When host density is high, more virulent parasites are successful and host density is reduced. At a lower density of hosts, less virulent strains of the parasite are at a selective advantage as they increase host survival during infection and allow more time for transmission to occur. Also, more virulent strains of the parasite are prone to induce mortality in entire subsets of the host population, driving themselves to extinction along with their hosts. This pattern repeats over time, lowering virulence with each adjustment to declining host population size. Extinction of the host population is avoided when sufficient variation is present in the parasite population (Lenski and May 1994). The evolutionary sequence may be reversed to explain evolution toward higher virulence when parasitic virulence is below theequilibrium level. More virulent strains of the parasite outcompete less virulent strains when host density is above equilibrium. Conservation of virulence over time occurs when a stable equilibrium is maintained. Conserved virulence may be high (Lenski and May 1994), but it reflects stability within a system dictated by a unique set of transmission factors. Many parasites must reach a certain population size within the host to be successfully transmitted, while in certain systems, sacrifice of one host facilitates transmission to the next host (i.e. interspecies transmission). The inclusiveness of the equilibrium model gives it great potential for accurate predictability of a broad range of parasite-host interactions. CONCLUSION Traditional assumptions about the factors determining parasitic strategy have been largely apocryphal, ignoring contradictory evidence (Esch and Fernandez 1993). Equilibrium models synthesize the temporal (i.e. evolutionary) factors and spatial (i.e. transmission) factors characteristic of parasite-host systems. Time is required to modulate virulence, while spatial factors such as host density and transmission strategy determine the direction of the modulation. The development of an inclusive, accurate model has significance beyond theoretical biology, given the threat to human populations posed by pathogens such as HIV (Gibbons 1994). Mass extinctions such as the Cretaceous event may have resulted from parasite-host interaction (Bakker 1986), and sexual reproduction (i.e. recombination of genes during meiosis) may have evolved to increase resistance to parasites (Holmes 1993). Parasitism constitutes an immense, if not universal, influence on the evolution of life, with far-reaching paleological and phylogenetic implications. A model which synthesizes the key factors determining parasitic virulence and can predict the entire range of evolutionary outcomes is crucial to our understanding of the history and future of species interaction. Science Essays