Friday, December 27, 2019

The Social Transformation of American Medicine

Starr divides the history of medicine into two books in order to emphasize two separate movements in the development of American medicine. The first movement was the rise of professional sovereignty and the second was the transformation of medicine into an industry, with corporations taking a large role. A Sovereign Profession In the first book, Starr begins with a look at the shift from domestic medicine in early America when the family wants the locus of care of the sick to the shift towards the professionalization of medicine in the late 1700s. Not all were accepting, however, as lay healers in the early 1800s saw the medical profession as nothing but privilege and took a hostile stance to it. But then medical schools began to emerge and proliferate during the mid-1800s and medicine was quickly becoming a profession with licensures, codes of conduct, and professional fees. The rise of hospitals and the introduction of telephones and better modes of transportation made physicians accessible and acceptable. In this book, Starr also discusses the consolidation of professional authority and the changing social structure of physicians in the nineteenth century. For instance, before the 1900s, the role of the doctor did not have a clear class position, as there was a lot of inequality. Doctors did not earn much and a physician’s status depended largely on their family’s status. In 1864, however, the first meeting of the American Medical Association was held in which they raised and standardized requirements for medical degrees as well as enacted a code of ethics, giving the medical profession a higher social status. Reform of medical education began around 1870 and continued through the 1800s. Starr also examines the transformation of American hospitals throughout history and how they have become central institutions in medical care. This happened in a series of three phases. First was the formation of voluntary hospitals that were operated by charitable lay boards and public hospitals that were operated by municipalities, counties, and the federal government. Then, beginning in the 1850s, a variety of more â€Å"particularistic† hospitals formed that were primarily religious or ethnic institutions that specialized in certain diseases or categories of patients. Third was the advent and spread of profit-making hospitals, which are operated by physicians and corporations. As the hospital system has evolved and changed, so has the role of the nurse, physician, surgeon, staff, and patient, which Starr also examines. In the final chapters of book one, Starr examines dispensaries and their evolvement over time, the three phases of public health and the rise of new specialty clinics, and the resistance to the corporatization of medicine by doctors. He concludes with a discussion of the five major structural changes in the distribution of power that played a major role in the social transformation of American medicine:1. The emergence of an informal control system in medical practice resulting from the growth of specialization and hospitals.2. Stronger collective organization and authority/the control of labor markets in medical care.3. The profession secured a special dispensation from the burdens of hierarchy of the capitalist enterprise. No â€Å"commercialism† in medicine was tolerated and much of the capital investment required for medical practice was socialized.4. The elimination of countervailing power in medical care.5. The establishment of specific spheres of professional authority. The Struggle for Medical Care The second half of The Social Transformation of American Medicine focuses on the transformation of medicine into an industry and the growing role of corporations and the state in the medical system. Starr begins with a discussion on how social insurance came about, how it evolved into a political issue, and why America lagged behind other countries with regards to health insurance. He then examines how the New Deal and the Depression affected and shaped insurance at the time. The birth of Blue Cross in 1929 and Blue Shield several years later really paved the way for health insurance in America because it reorganized medical care on a prepaid, comprehensive basis. This was the first time that â€Å"group hospitalization† was introduced and provided a practical solution for those who could not afford typical private insurance of the time. Shortly after, health insurance emerged as a benefit received via employment, which reduced the likelihood that only the sick would buy insurance and it reduced the large administrative costs of individually sold policies. Commercial insurance expanded and the character of the industry changed, which Starr discusses. He also examines the key events that formed and shaped the insurance industry, including World War II, politics, and social and political movements (such as the women’s rights movement). Starr’s discussion of the evolution and transformation of the American medical and insurance system ends in the late 1970s. A lot has changed since then, but for a very thorough and well-written look at how medicine has changed throughout history in the United States up until 1980, The Social Transformation of American Medicine is the book to read. This book is the winner of the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, which in my opinion is well deserved. References Starr, P. (1982). The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Life and Works of Langston Hughes Essay - 1971 Words

The Life and Works of Langston Hughes nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å" In a deep song voice with a melancholy tone, I heard that Negro sing, that old piano moan – Ain’t got nobody all in this world, Ain’t got nobody but ma self. I’s gwine to quit ma frownin’ and put ma troubles on the shelf.† The above excerpt is from Langston Hughes prize winning poem, â€Å"The Weary Blues.† Hughes, considered to be one of the world’s outstanding authors of the twentieth century (Ruley 148), is a prolific poet, novelist, essayist, playwright, autobiographer, and a writer a of children’s books (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). David Nicholson says of Hughes, â€Å"He strove to reflect an American reality ignored or distorted by other American writers (504).† The†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The â€Å"rhapsodist† was a exceedingly well educated man. While in high school, he read the poetry of Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman (Bloom, Bloomâ₠¬â„¢s 12). Sandburg was decisive in leading him toward free verse and a radically democratic, modernist aesthetic (Andrews, Foster, Harris 368). Andrews states, â€Å"Hughes called Sandburg, his guiding star (368).† After graduating high school, eager to experience New York and especially Harlem, Hughes entered Colombia University in the fall of 1921 (Bloom, Bloom’s 12). However, his first encounter with college was unpleasant (Bloom, Bloom’s 12). Subsequently, he left his freshman year and became a merchant seamen in Europe and Africa (Rampersad 8). Plagued with money problems, Hughes came back to the United States in 1924 and began to take his writhing seriously (Rampersad 8). In 1926, at the age of twenty-four, Hughes entered himself into Lincoln University in Pennsylvania (Rampersad 8). It was during that time he published his first book of poetry, The Weary Blues, which was grouped according to seven romantic ideas, and sixty-eight poems under seven heading s (Bloom, Bloom’s 15). The volume earned him aShow MoreRelated Life and Work of Langston Hughes Essay1980 Words   |  8 PagesLife and Work of Langston Hughes Early Years James Mercer Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, on February 1, 1902, to James Nathaniel Hughes, a lawyer and businessman, and Carrie Mercer (Langston) Hughes, a teacher. The couple separated shortly thereafter. James Hughes was, by his son’s account, a cold man who hated blacks (and hated himself for being one), feeling that most of them deserved their ill fortune because of what he considered their ignorance and laziness. Langston’sRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Langston Hughes s The Road 1402 Words   |  6 Pagesin the literature work On the Road by Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes offers a gift in this work which is to open the heart and life will provide unlimited abundance. During this literary analysis Langston Hughes uses nature to demonstrate his main character s unwillingness to participate in life. Another point that Hughes demonstrates is the use of anger and survival and how it can be used as a powerful force in breaking down racial barriers. On e more impact Langston Hughes uses is Jesus ChristRead MoreReoccurring Themes in the Work of Langston Hughes Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes is an extremely successful and well known black writer who emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). He is recognized for his poetry and like many other writers from the Harlem Renaissance, lived most of his life outside of Harlem (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). His personal experiences and opinions inspire his writing intricately. Unlike other writers of his time, Hughes expresses his discontent with black oppression and focuses on the hardships of his people. Hughes’Read MoreA Prize For Poetry, International Ibsen Award You Named. Langston Hughes1058 Words   |  5 Pagesyou named. Langston Hughes is a great poet, his poems are truly inspirational, persuasive. It s almost like he was talking directly to the reader. To begin with, have you ever wondered what impact Langston Hughes poe ms had on people lives. Well if so then you on the right place. James Mercer Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were Caroline Mercer Langston and James Nathaniel Hughes. Langston parents divorced when he was a kid, Langston was raisedRead MoreRacial Prejudice By Langston Hughes990 Words   |  4 PagesRacial tensions were even more prevalent in the twentieth century. Langston Hughes was a poet who really tried to bring attention to the growing racial tensions until his death in the late 60s. Throughout his life, Hughes was influenced by the time he grew up in and by his own family; he wrote to free the black culture and literature from racial pride. Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri to Carrie and James Nathaniel Hughes. His father wanted to become a lawyer, but the Oklahoma bar examinationRead MoreEssay on Langston Hughes a Harlem Renaissance Man1463 Words   |  6 Pagesartists such as Langston Hughes. James Mercer Langston Hughes was an African American poet, journalist, playwright, and novelist whose works were incredibly well known. It was during the peak of the Harlem Renaissance in which Langston Hughes produced poetry which was not just musically and artistically sound, but also captured the essence of the blues. Thus giving life to a new version of poetry that illustrated the African American struggle between society and oneself. Langston Hughes was one of theRead MoreEssay on The Poetry of Langston Hughes During the Harlem Renaissance1694 Words   |  7 Pagesrented to African Americans. A migration from the South and West Indies had allowed Harlem to become the cultural center of urban black Amer ica. People migrated in record numbers, but just as the cultural aspects of Harlem prospered other walks of life in Harlem suffered dramatically due to the ever increasing population. Having developed a distinctive culture, Harlem was the epicenter for black writers, artists and intellectuals during the 1920s. The Harlem Renaissance was centered on activitiesRead MoreAnalysis of on the Road by Langston Hughes Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesfound in the literature work On the Road by Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes offers a gift in this work which is to open the heart and life will provide unlimited abundance. During this literary analysis Langston Hughes uses nature to demonstrate his main characters unwillingness to participate in life. Another point that Hughes demonstrates is the use of anger and survival and how it can be used as a powerful force in breaking down racial barriers. One more impact Langston Hughes uses is Jesus ChristRead MoreLangston Hughes, An American Poet E ssay1583 Words   |  7 PagesJames Mercer Langston Hughes was one of the most influential African-American writers during the Harlem Renaissance. He was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri to James and Carrie Mercer Hughes. Hughes parents divorced shortly after his birth and his father moved to Mexico. Hughes went to live with his grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston in Kansas while his mother travelled back and forth with jobs. After his grandmother died he went to live with friends of the family, James and Mary ReedRead MoreRacism and Langston Hughes658 Words   |  3 PagesLangston Hughes was a great African American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist (â€Å"The Biography of Langston Hughes†). As a child, he grew up in the times of racial inequality. As a result, his poems often shared the recurring theme of hope, breaking free from racial inequality, and to strive for a better future. This theme was very evident in the poems â€Å"Drea ms† and â€Å"I Dream a World†, by Langston Hughes. This common theme is a result of the era Hughes grew up in. James Langston

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Context of Incremental and Radical Innovation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Context of Incremental and Radical Innovation. Answer: Introduction The report helps in analysis of the different type of strategies that have been applied in the business canvas model of Ford Company. The description of the business canvas model of Ford Motor Company will help in understanding the critical success factors of the business. The key relationships between the nine building blocks of the BMC has to be described as this will help in analysing the factors that are required in the business. The main aim and purpose of the report is to identify the relationships in the nine building blocks as this helps in understanding the different kind of issues faced by the organization. The identification of critical success factors is essential in nature as this will help in understanding the contribution to downside risk. The structure of the report includes the analysis of the BMC nine building blocks as this will help in understanding the business as to achieve the sustainable success advantage in the business in an effectual manner. Proper innovative strategies have to be adopted by the company as this will help them in solving the different kind of issues in an effectual manner. Overview of Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is the American multinational auto maker that is headquartered in Dearborn in the suburb of Detroit. The company was founded in the year 1903 in the month of June. Ford introduced different kind of methods of large scale manufacturing of the different cars with the help of engineered sequences of manufacturing and they manufactured different kind of vehicles along with provided service of vehicle leasing and licensing. There are more than 201,000 employees who are employed in the respective company and they have earned a revenue of more than US$151.8 billion ("Ford New Cars, Trucks, SUVs, Crossovers Hybrids | Vehicles Built Just for You | Ford.com", 2018). There are different kind of products and services that are offered by Ford Motor Company wherein it includes the Automobiles luxury vehicles commercial automotive parts to their target customers. The company is gaining huge amount of success by providing automotive vehicle leasing service to the customers wherein the customers are gaining huge profit in the entire market. The revenue that is earned by the company is about US$151.8 billion (2016) and this has helped the company in gaining huge profit and competitive advantage as well (Joyce Paquin, 2016). Management Team of Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company was founded by Henry ford wherein he has developed different kind of commercial vehicles and automobiles that has helped the company in gaining competitive advantage in the market. The owner of the company has started with different UK subsidiaries wherein it included the Land rover and Jaguar brands and this has helped the company in gaining competitive advantage in the entire competitive market. There is executive chairman along with president and CEO of the company wherein this has helped the company in gaining and attracting more customers effectively (Klang, Wallnfer Hacklin 2014). Key Partner Distributors Gas Companies Different Universities Distributors Dealers Key Activities Proper development and manufacturing along with sale of different kind of engines Equipping the different vehicles with engines that includes- Financial kind of services Automotive Different Motorcycles Value Proposition Premium kind of services Social as well as ecological sustainability along the entire supply chain Long-term actions that is responsible in nature High standards that include proper quality and technology usage Customer Relationships Proper and strong bond among the different customers Aftersales proper relationship with the different customers Focus is mainly on the different target customers Customer Segments Private kind of individuals both in middle and upper income class members Car sharing and rental car companies Company owned cars Key Resources Workforce Knowledge Raw materials Channels Direct kind of sales Drive Now Dealers Cost Structure Focus more on the innovation Manufacturing the different cost of plants that is the largest overhead of Ford Batteries are the most significant part of the car cost Revenue Streams Agreements of licensing with different kind of designs Proper value added through the selling of the cars that is manufactured in nature along with different kind of selling services Method of fixed pricing that is based on different features and it is based on customer segment along with values Relationships between Nine Building Blocks of BMC Proper kind of specific relationship is essential in nature in BMC wherein it will help the respective company in gaining competitive advantage. Ford Company needs to understand the relationship with the nine building blocks as this will help in understanding the importance of all the particulars in an appropriate manner. The cost and revenue streams are essential in nature wherein this helped the company in providing the customers valued services in an effectual manner. Proper focus on the innovation is essential in nature wherein this will help them in analysing the key partners who are essential in providing them the competitive advantage in the market (Dijkman et al., 2015). Furthermore, it has been seen that the key channels are essential in nature wherein this will help in making different agreements in the company in an effectual manner. the key resources are essential in nature as this will provide the customers a proper and accurate value proposition to the customers in an effective manner (Souto, 2015). The distribution channel is essential in nature in the organization as this will help the company in arranging the different resources effectively. The target customers are essential in nature wherein it will help the customers in commenting more on the different kind of values that is offered to the customers effectively (Foss Saebi, 2017). Critical Success Factors in Ford Motor Company There are different kind of critical success factors that will help the Motor Ford Company in gaining competitive advantage in an effectual manner. The respective company has to understand and identify the different kind of success factors that will help them in gaining success in the future that are as follows: A good and proper brand image of the company is one of the critical success factors wherein this helps in the process of decision making in the buying of cars. Proper brand image will help the company in understanding the factors in making the business successful (Aversa et al., 2015) Proper and efficient channel of distribution is essential in nature for the respective company wherein the supply and value chain analysis has been done in an accurate manner. Proper distribution network is essential in organization to provide the company with proper rules and regulations in an effectual manner (Bocken et al., 2014) Proper planning of cost is the other critical success factor of Ford Motor Company wherein they have high margin of profit and this will help the company in gaining huge amount of revenues in the market (Schaltegger, Hansen Ldeke-Freund 2016) Contribution to downside risk There are different kind of risks that can affect the performance of the Ford Motor Company that are as follows: There can be issues relating to the regulation of the value chain management wherein the company can face huge decision crisis and this is causing huge trouble for the decision makers of the automobile company (Sinkovics, Sinkovics Yamin, 2014) The demand for the customers is changing and the preferences of the customers are one of the huge issues in the organization. The difficulty will cause huge issues in the car company and this can lead to shift in the demand curve of Ford Motor Company However, there are different processes of mitigating the risks in an effectual manner wherein the company needs to plan flexible process that will provide the employees the scope of understanding the different issues and solve them in an effectual manner. Proper and planned flexibility is essential in nature as this will help the company tom meet the demands of the customers effectively (DaSilva Trkman, 2014). There can be different kind of changes that is required in Ford Motor Company that could have been implemented by me if the entire business was mine. I would have implemented flexible supply chain management is essential in nature wherein this will help the company in solving the supply chain issues and this will help the company in understanding issues and solve them effectively. I would have implemented the skills such as proper communication and implementation of the value chain analysis that will help in understanding such issues effectively. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that proper BMC has been prepared by the respective Ford Motor Company wherein the different kind of issues has been reduced. The different kind of critical success factors has been analysed that has helped the company in understanding the changes that is required to be done in the organization for gaining competitive advantage in the entire competitive market. Proper relationship between the nine building blocks of the BMC of Ford Motor Company has been done as that has helped the company in solving such issues and this has helped in understanding the scopes that can be adopted by them as to increase the sales and revenues of the business effectively. References Aversa, P., Haefliger, S., Rossi, A., Baden-Fuller, C. (2015). From business model to business modelling: Modularity and manipulation. InBusiness models and modelling(pp. 151-185). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Bocken, N. M., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, 42-56. DaSilva, C. M., Trkman, P. (2014). Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long range planning,47(6), 379-389. Dijkman, R. M., Sprenkels, B., Peeters, T., Janssen, A. (2015). Business models for the Internet of Things.International Journal of Information Management,35(6), 672-678. Ford New Cars, Trucks, SUVs, Crossovers Hybrids | Vehicles Built Just for You | Ford.com. (2018). Ford.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.ford.com/ Foss, N. J., Saebi, T. (2017). Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: how far have we come, and where should we go?. Journal of Management,43(1), 200-227. Joyce, A., Paquin, R. L. (2016). The triple layered business model canvas: A tool to design more sustainable business models.Journal of Cleaner Production,135, 1474-1486. Klang, D., Wallnfer, M., Hacklin, F. (2014). The business model paradox: A systematic review and exploration of antecedents.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(4), 454-478. Schaltegger, S., Hansen, E. G., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2016). Business models for sustainability: Origins, present research, and future avenues. Sinkovics, N., Sinkovics, R. R., Yamin, M. (2014). The role of social value creation in business model formulation at the bottom of the pyramidimplications for MNEs?.International Business Review,23(4), 692-707. Souto, J. E. (2015). Business model innovation and business concept innovation as the context of incremental innovation and radical innovation.Tourism Management,51, 142-155.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

My Struggle Essays (526 words) - Catholic Spirituality,

My Struggle Since I was young, there have always been a struggle between my parents and I. This situation began when my father passed away when I was three years old. I have lived with my mother and Step-father ever since. Although I love them both, we do not always seem to see eye to eye on many issues. The cause of this is in part due to my wild nature. I like to stay out late and do things that if caught could get me in lots of trouble. I am under the impression that they resent my relationship with my grandmother. I like to stay often with my grandmother rather than at home, which they do not understand. I have stayed with my grandmother every weekend since my father became sick with cancer, in 1982. After my father passed away in 1983, I continued to visit her. My mother and stepfather both respect my father's mother a great deal, and would do anything for her. But they fail to see why I want to spend so much time with her. My grandmother is a large influence in my life. She has, and still does, so much for me. Nanny has always had a big heart for her family, but no one is as close to her as myself. Since I was two years old, my grandmother and I have gone out and done many things together. We have had many great memories together which I will remember for the rest of my life. We have gone out to eat, watched many baseball games togather, bone bowling, amd many other things. If my parents could only realize how strongly I feel about her and the time I spend with my her. I wish they could be a little more considerate of my feelings and not put me in the position that they often do. The relationship between my grandmother and I has been tested many times. As I was getting older, my parents would try to find things that would keep me from visiting her during the. They would find things such as mowing the lawn, washing cars, and doing house chores. These thing they know I hate to do, but they seemed to want them done anyway. Though they do not mind when I spend some time with my grandmother, they feel that I should spend more time with them. My senior year in high school was the time that they really were getting to me. Nanny broke her arm one day when she fell down in the kitchen. Since then I have moved in with her. They felt that this was a bad decision. I do love my parents dearly, but I felt that it was the best thing at the time. As of this day I do not regret the decisions that I have made in regards to spending time with my grandmother. I love and respect my parents, still but wish that they would not put me in the positions that they do. Since I began attending college, my parents have been a little more reasonable about the entire situation. This does not mean that they do not still give me a hard time. I just hope that by the time I finish with college they will understand how I feel, and not worry me about as much as they do. English Essays

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

3 Problems with Suspensive Hyphenation

3 Problems with Suspensive Hyphenation 3 Problems with Suspensive Hyphenation 3 Problems with Suspensive Hyphenation By Mark Nichol The grammatical convention known as suspensive hyphenation is employed when two or more adjacent and parallel phrasal adjectives, phrases that in tandem modify a noun that follows them, have a common element in the same position. Elision of one of the repeated words because it is clearly implicit is a common strategy, but misuse of suspensive hyphenation can complicate a sentence rather than simplify it, as the examples below demonstrate. (Each sentence is accompanied by a discussion and a solution.) 1. We help companies identify, manage, and resolve the business and technology related risks they face. This sentence contains two phrasal adjectives, â€Å"business related† and â€Å"technology related,† but because they share the second word, that word has been elided from the first phrase because it is implicit. However, because the phrasal adjectives precede the noun, they must be hyphenated, and a hyphen should follow business to clarify that an implicit word has been omitted: â€Å"We help companies identify, manage, and resolve the business- and technology-related risks they face.† 2. Most of these markets are little-known small- and midsize cities. Here, suspensive hyphenation has been erroneously introduced. Because small is not part of a phrasal adjective (the reference is to â€Å"small cities,† not â€Å"small-sized cities†), no hyphen should be attached to it: â€Å"Most of these markets are little-known small and midsize cities.† 3. The meeting was held to discuss risk-assessment and -management policies. Here, suspensive hyphenation is employed to elide the first word of a two-word phrasal adjective that has the same first word as an adjacent phrasal adjective. (Notice that in this case, the second instance of the first word has been omitted; compare this with omission of the first instance of a second word in common to two or more two-word phrasal adjectives.) The construction is technically correct but awkward and distracting, so it’s better to explicitly include the second instance of risk rather than elide it: â€Å"The meeting was held to discuss risk-assessment and risk-management policies.† Check out our latest YouTube video: How to Write a Reference Letter Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsAwoken or Awakened?9 Forms of the Past Tense

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Fighting Digital Piracy essays

Fighting Digital Piracy essays The many forms of software piracy and the techniques to combat them that exist today are not only morally wrong and unfair, but it benefits no one by threatening both the producers and consumers way of life forever. Pirates continue to hack software constantly, driving major companies and record labels to strive harder to find ways to stop them. It is a never-ending race that will eventually result in the destruction of both the consumer and producer. One of the most prominent forms of piracy in todays society is the sharing of music files and CDs online. This is one of the more well-known kinds of piracy today, with strong ties to the legal issues involving record companies, artists, and the people who buy the music. Millions of people on the internet every day share files with each other that were ripped from music CDs only each individual was licensed to have. Many people would argue that illegally copying music is morally wrong, yet many of those still continue to do it. Our society has reached the point that it does not matter if it is okay how you get something, only that you get it for free. From the consumers point of view, it makes perfect sense to copy and share music with everyone you can reach over the internet. It is no different than allowing a friend to come over to the house to listen to a new CD. Would those who argue sharing is morally wrong say that people should forbid others from hearing their CDs? People borrow each others CDs all the time. People who know they can just get the CD from their friends are less likely to buy it, but you do not see record companies jumping all over people who share the physical CDs. One might say that allowing a couple of friends to borrow a CD is much different than allowing everyone who can connect to the internet to use it, but where is the line drawn? There is no established number of people that are allowed access to someones CD. The l...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discrimination Towards Minorities within the United StatsJudicial Research Paper

Discrimination Towards Minorities within the United StatsJudicial System - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the practice of discrimination towards minorities, discrimination which lead towards unlawful criminal procedures. It shall particularly discuss the civil liberties which are violated due to race and or class status. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehensive picture of the criminal justice system and its actual applications in the United States. Body Discrimination in the application of criminal justice is sometimes apparent in the legal practice, and in most instances, ethnic, racial, or economic considerations are the reasons why such discriminations exist. Various suggestions from different sources seem to point to the presence of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. In the aftermath of the Rodney King case, an independent commission of the Los Angeles Police Department established that the LAPD used force excessively, and this unnecessary force was largely attributed to the officer’s racial prej udice (Banks, 2004). A review of police officers in the Los Angeles area revealed that about a quarter of them were racists towards the minorities, and that their racial bias has sometimes led to the inappropriate use of force in their arrests and apprehension of these criminals. In assessing radio communications among LAPD police officers, the content of their remarks reflected a significant number of racially discriminatory remarks and attitudes against minorities (Banks, 2004). Witnesses also claim that police officers often tolerated discriminatory actions against minorities; they also claim that these officers often verbally harassed these minorities for as long as they fit their usual suspects – the blacks and the Latin men (Banks, 2004). Police officers who also belonged to the minority ethnic groups were also discriminated against, and they were treated to biased comments and subjected to racial slurs. A report from New York established that there are double standards which are being applied – one for the whites and another one for the minorities and the poor (New York State Judicial Commission on Minorities, 1991). This report was able to establish the presence of biased treatment as well as injustice in the criminal justice system. The report also pointed out that various minorities were subjected to basement justice with their cases being relegated to facilities which were infested with rats and cockroaches (Banks, 2004). These minorities were also disrespected and not given the proper personnel to handle their complaints and court processes. In some instances, the cases involving minorities were often quickly dispensed, with atleast four or five minutes in court (Banks, 2004). This represents an assembly line in the dispensation of justice. Moreover, black defendants were often made to face their fate in the justice system before a purely white jury. This hardly represents the defendant’s peers. In order to establish whether or not racial discrimination is seen in the criminal justice system, various criminal theorists have carried out research assessing the major decision points in the criminal justice system in the US (Wilbanks, 1987). Most of these reports pointed out that even as racial discrimination exists in the criminal system, the system is not wholly defined by racial discrimination; in effect, discrimination is not extensive (Russell, 1998). However, there are